Most conventional softener plants operate on the principle of ion exchange. Here's a simplified breakdown:Mineral Tank (Resin Bed): The hard water enters a mineral tank filled with thousands of tiny, spherical resin beads. These beads are typically made of polystyrene and are charged with sodium ions (Na+).Ion Exchange: As the hard water flows through the resin bed, the positively charged calcium and magnesium ions (cations) in the water are attracted to the negatively charged resin beads. They effectively "exchange places" with the sodium ions that are loosely bound to the beads. The calcium and magnesium ions are captured by the resin, and an equivalent number of sodium ions are released into the water.Soft Water Output: The water leaving the mineral tank is now "softened" because most of the hardness minerals have been removed and replaced with sodium.Regeneration: Over time, the resin beads become saturated with calcium and magnesium ions and lose their softening capacity. To restore their effectiveness, the softener plant undergoes a regeneration cycle.Brine Tank: This separate tank contains a highly concentrated solution of salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), often called "brine."Flushing and Recharging: During regeneration, the salty brine solution is drawn from the brine tank and flushed through the mineral tank. The high concentration of sodium ions in the brine "overpowers" the calcium and magnesium ions on the resin beads, forcing them off the beads. The displaced calcium and magnesium, along with the used brine, are then flushed down a drain.Rinse and Ready: After regeneration, the resin beads are recharged with sodium ions, and the system is rinsed with fresh water, preparing it for the next softening cycle.